Cuba (CU)
Cuba is a unique socialist island nation of 11 million people in the Caribbean — a country of vintage American cars, world-famous cigars, Havana salsa, colonial architecture, and extraordinary natural beauty.
⚠️ Costly Mistakes to Avoid
The most expensive and common mistakes expats make in Cuba — and exactly how to avoid them.
US-issued bank and credit cards do not work anywhere in Cuba
Due to the US embargo (OFAC regulations), Visa, Mastercard, American Express, and Discover cards issued by US financial institutions are completely blocked in Cuba. This applies to all US citizens and non-US travellers using US-issued cards. There are zero exceptions — ATMs, hotels, restaurants, and shops all decline US cards.
⚡ Completely stranded without access to any funds. Cannot withdraw cash, pay for accommodation, food, or emergencies.
✅ Bring sufficient EUR, GBP, CAD, or other non-USD foreign currency in cash. Exchange at CADECA on arrival. Carry a non-US-issued card (European or Canadian) as backup. Budget all cash needs before entering Cuba.
Arriving without travel insurance results in denial of entry
Cuba has required proof of valid travel insurance for all foreign visitors since November 2010. Cuban immigration officers verify insurance coverage at the airport. Insurance must cover medical expenses including emergency evacuation. Many travellers purchase cheap policies that do not meet the minimum medical coverage threshold.
⚡ Denied entry at José Martí International Airport. Forced to purchase Cuban state insurance at the border at inflated prices or return home.
📅 Deadline: Must be in force on arrival
✅ Purchase comprehensive travel insurance with minimum $20,000–50,000 medical coverage before departure. Keep the policy document accessible (printed or offline). Ensure it explicitly covers Cuba.
Overstaying your Tourist Card or visa
The standard Tourist Card (Tarjeta de Turista) grants 30 days, extendable once to 60 days through Inmigración. Many travellers lose track of their entry date and accidentally overstay. Unlike in the EU, the Cuban immigration system does track overstays, and the consequences at the airport on departure can be severe.
⚡ Heavy fine at departure. Detention by immigration authorities. Potential entry ban on future visits. The fine increases significantly each week of overstay.
📅 Deadline: Extension must be applied for before the original 30-day period expires
✅ Write your entry date on your phone calendar immediately on arrival. Visit Inmigración (any provincial office) before day 25 to extend. Bring your passport, Tourist Card, and accommodation proof.
Bringing insufficient cash for your entire stay
Cuba is almost entirely a cash economy. Even hotels and larger restaurants sometimes experience card terminal failures. Western Union transfers from abroad are possible but unreliable and subject to policy changes. There is no reliable way to receive emergency funds quickly once inside Cuba.
⚡ Unable to pay for accommodation, food, transport, or medical care. Stuck in a country with no access to remote banking services.
✅ Calculate your entire budget before travel and bring at least 20–30% extra as contingency. For a 2-week trip, budget $800–1,500 USD equivalent in EUR or GBP cash. Divide cash between different storage locations (hotel safe, money belt, bag).
Relying on finding prescription medication in Cuba
Cuba faces severe pharmaceutical shortages due to the US embargo and domestic economic difficulties. Pharmacies frequently lack common medications: blood pressure drugs, diabetes insulin, antihistamines, antibiotics, and even basic painkillers. The Servimed international pharmacy has somewhat better stock but still cannot guarantee supply of specific medications.
⚡ Inability to manage chronic conditions. Medical emergency from untreated illness. Servimed costs $50–200 for consultations without guaranteed resolution.
✅ Bring your entire medication supply for the trip plus a 2-week surplus. Bring original prescription documentation. Carry medications in original packaging in carry-on luggage (not checked bags).
Failing to register accommodation with the PNR within 24 hours
All foreigners staying in Cuba must be registered with the Policía Nacional Revolucionaria (PNR) within 24 hours of arrival at any accommodation. Hotels handle this automatically. Casa particular hosts are legally required to complete this registration. Foreigners in unregistered accommodation (staying with friends, unregistered casas) commit an immigration violation.
⚡ Immigration violation. Fine for both the foreigner and the host. Potential detention and investigation. Can jeopardise visa renewal.
✅ Ask your casa particular host to confirm they have registered you — they should provide a slip or confirmation. If staying with Cuban friends, visit the nearest PNR station to register yourself. Never skip this step even for one night.
US citizens travelling without a valid OFAC licence category
US citizens are prohibited from travelling to Cuba as tourists under OFAC regulations. Travel must fall under one of 12 authorised categories: family visits, journalism, academic research, religious activities, humanitarian projects, Support for the Cuban People, etc. Simply visiting for tourism is illegal for US passport holders. Compliance requires maintaining a full-time schedule consistent with the claimed category.
⚡ OFAC civil penalty up to $65,000. Criminal prosecution in some cases. Passport issues. Travel on false pretences constitutes fraud.
✅ US citizens: identify which OFAC licence category you qualify for before booking. Keep a detailed itinerary and receipts proving your activities align with the authorised category. Consult an attorney specialising in OFAC compliance if uncertain.
Publicly criticising the Cuban government or political system
Cuba is a one-party state and criticism of the government, the Communist Party, or political figures in public, on social media, or in conversation with strangers is a serious risk. Foreign nationals have been detained and expelled for social media posts or reported conversations. This applies particularly to journalists and activists but affects all visitors.
⚡ Detention by Seguridad del Estado. Deportation. Visa cancellation. In rare cases, criminal charges under Article 72 of the Cuban Penal Code.
✅ Avoid political discussions in public spaces or with people you do not know well. Be cautious about social media posts from Cuba. If arrested, immediately contact your embassy (emergency lines are 24/7).
Attempting to purchase real estate as a foreign national
Cuban law strictly prohibits foreign nationals from owning residential property. The only legal avenue for foreigners to have property interests is through a Cuban spouse (the property is registered in the Cuban partner's name) or through specific joint venture structures for business. Any "offer" to sell you property as a foreigner is either a scam or will create an unenforceable legal arrangement.
⚡ Loss of funds paid. No legal ownership. Cuban authorities can seize the property. Criminal risk if the transaction is structured to conceal foreign ownership.
✅ Do not attempt to purchase Cuban property as a foreign national. Long-term stays should use rental agreements (casas particulares) with a registered licencia de arrendador. Consult Bufete Internacional for any property-adjacent matters.
Cuban-born nationals treated as Cuban citizens regardless of foreign passport
Cuba does not recognise dual nationality for Cuban-born individuals. If you were born in Cuba or became a Cuban citizen, Cuban authorities will treat you as a Cuban national regardless of any other passport you present. This means you are subject to Cuban law in its entirety, cannot be assisted by a foreign embassy in the same way as a non-Cuban national, and are subject to military service and other citizen obligations.
⚡ Cannot receive full consular protection from your other country's embassy. Detained as a Cuban national. Subject to compulsory military service obligations.
✅ Cuban-born individuals with other nationalities should consult their home country's embassy and a lawyer before visiting Cuba. Carry both passports but understand the Cuban legal position. Contact the Cuban embassy before travel to clarify your current status.
Unprepared for severe daily electricity outages (apagones)
Cuba experiences 4–14 hours of daily scheduled electricity outages in 2026, depending on province. Havana: typically 4–8 hours. Provinces outside Havana: 8–14 hours or more. Outages are not always at predictable times. Air conditioning, water pumps, internet, and refrigeration all fail during cuts. The electricity crisis has worsened each year since 2021.
⚡ Extreme heat without air conditioning (Havana averages 27–33°C). No phone charging. No internet. Food spoilage. Disrupted sleep.
✅ Bring a power bank (large capacity, 20,000+ mAh). Book accommodation with a generator (generador) — ask explicitly before booking. Download offline maps and entertainment. Carry a torch. Plan outdoor activities during likely outage windows.
Buying counterfeit cigars from street sellers
Street sellers in Havana, Trinidad, and other tourist areas aggressively sell "Cohiba", "Montecristo", and "Romeo y Julieta" cigars at supposedly discounted prices. Virtually all street-sold cigars are counterfeit — made from low-quality tobacco, poorly rolled, with fake branding. Real Habanos cigars are only legitimately sold at official Casa del Habano stores and licensed hotel shops.
⚡ Wasted $20–100 on worthless product. Risk of illness from unknown tobacco additives. No recourse.
✅ Only buy cigars from official Casa del Habano shops (government-licensed, have receipts). Buying more than 50 cigars without an official receipt violates Cuban customs export rules regardless of where purchased.
CUC no longer exists — confusion with currency is a common scam
The Cuban Convertible Peso (CUC) was abolished in January 2021. Some street hustlers and unscrupulous vendors still reference "CUC" prices to confuse tourists and overcharge them. The only legitimate currencies in Cuba are: CUP (Cuban Peso), MLC (store credit for hard currency), and USD/EUR/GBP cash in designated shops.
⚡ Overpaying by 25x for goods and services (1 CUC used to equal 25 CUP — some still use this false rate). Significant financial loss over a trip.
✅ Understand that only CUP and foreign currency exist. Always ask for the price in CUP and know the approximate CUP equivalent of your foreign currency. The CADECA floating rate (since December 2025): approximately 440–480 CUP per USD as of mid-2026 — significantly higher than the former fixed rate of 120 CUP/USD. Check cadeca.cu for the current daily rate.
ATMs frequently empty, broken, or non-functional
Cuba has a very limited ATM network and the machines regularly run out of cash, experience technical faults, or have long queues. Non-US international cards (European, Canadian) may be accepted in theory but failed transactions are common. The CADECA network is the most reliable exchange point but requires physical cash to exchange.
⚡ Unable to access funds when needed. Stranded without cash in a cash-only economy.
✅ Never rely on ATMs as your primary cash access method. Arrive with all necessary cash exchanged before entering Cuba, or exchange foreign cash at CADECA on arrival at the airport.
Drinking tap water can cause serious gastrointestinal illness
Tap water in Cuba is not reliably safe to drink. The water infrastructure, particularly in provinces outside Havana, is ageing and subject to contamination. Even in Havana, water quality varies by neighbourhood. Stomach infections and parasitic illnesses from tap water are very common among tourists and new expats.
⚡ Severe gastrointestinal illness. Dehydration. Lost travel days. Expensive Servimed consultation ($25–60) and medication costs.
✅ Drink only bottled water (agua embotellada). Avoid ice in drinks unless at established tourist restaurants. Use bottled water for brushing teeth. Carry oral rehydration salts as a precaution.
Night driving in Cuba is extremely dangerous
Cuban roads outside cities are poorly lit or completely unlit. Cyclists, pedestrians, horses, and animals frequently travel on roads without lights or reflective clothing. Potholes, missing road signs, and other road hazards are invisible at night. Cuban traffic police are also active at night and randomly stop vehicles.
⚡ High accident risk including fatalities. If involved in a collision causing injury, foreigners face detention pending investigation — even if not at fault.
✅ Avoid driving outside city limits after dark. If driving is necessary, reduce speed significantly and use full beam headlights. Do not drive in rural areas between dusk and dawn.
Going to a Cuban public hospital instead of Servimed as a foreigner
Cuban public hospitals (policlínicos, hospitales) are for Cuban citizens and have severe equipment and medicine shortages. Foreigners are technically redirected to Servimed facilities. Attempting to use public hospitals not only provides very poor care but may create immigration complications and billing disputes.
⚡ Inadequate medical care. Potential bureaucratic complications. Servimed bill still charged retrospectively. Confusion over treatment authorisation.
✅ In a medical emergency: call Asistur at +53 7 866-4499 (24/7). For non-emergency: call Clínica Cira García at +53 7 204-2811. Always tell Cuban authorities you need Servimed as a foreigner.
Assuming reliable internet access throughout Cuba
Cuba's internet is exclusively provided by ETECSA and is among the world's slowest and most restricted. WiFi is only available through NAUTA hotspot cards at specific access points. Mobile data (CUBACEL) is expensive and unreliable. Many areas including most of rural Cuba have no connectivity at all. VPNs are technically restricted but widely used.
⚡ Unable to navigate, contact emergency services via internet, access online banking, or work remotely. Plans relying on internet connectivity will fail.
✅ Download offline maps (Maps.me or Google Maps offline) before arrival. Pre-download all necessary documents. Purchase Nauta cards at ETECSA offices on arrival. Do not plan work-from-Cuba arrangements unless you have experienced Cuba connectivity firsthand.
Fake online casa particular listings with no-refund deposits
Fraudulent rental listings on Airbnb and direct booking platforms (Facebook groups, WhatsApp) for Cuban casas particulares are common. Scammers collect deposits (often $200–500 via PayPal, bank transfer, or crypto), then provide false addresses, claim cancellations, or simply disappear. The accommodation does not exist or belongs to someone else.
⚡ Loss of deposit ($200–500 typical). Arriving in Cuba with no confirmed accommodation is a serious situation given limited hotel availability.
✅ Book through verified platforms (Airbnb has verification processes). For direct bookings, video-call the host before paying. Never pay full amounts in advance. Ask for photos of the registration certificate (licencia de arrendador).
Exporting more than 50 cigars without an official receipt violates Cuban customs law
Cuban customs allows export of up to 50 cigars per traveller without a receipt. Taking 51 or more cigars is legal only with an official receipt from a licensed Habanos shop (Casa del Habano, hotel shops). Cuban customs at José Martí Airport actively inspects luggage for cigars and rum. Homemade or unlabelled cigars in quantity can be confiscated entirely.
⚡ Cigars confiscated at customs. Potential fine. In cases of commercial quantity, more serious penalties. No compensation for confiscated goods.
✅ Keep all official receipts for cigars purchased in licensed shops. Do not buy large quantities from street vendors. Know that the 3-litre rum limit is also strictly enforced.
Being targeted by jinetero hustlers near tourist areas
Jineteros (hustlers) are extremely common in tourist areas of Havana, Trinidad, and Varadero. They approach visitors posing as friendly guides, offering restaurant recommendations (they receive kickbacks), accommodation referrals, transport, or cigar deals. The restaurants recommended charge inflated tourist prices. The "free tour" always ends with aggressive requests for payment.
⚡ Significant overpayment for services. Being led to overpriced restaurants (a meal for two can cost $40–80 at jinetero-referred paladares vs $10–20 at local ones). Potential theft in isolated areas.
✅ Walk confidently and avoid eye contact with approaching strangers in tourist zones. Research restaurants and accommodation in advance. Politely decline all spontaneous recommendations. If followed persistently, enter a shop or hotel.
Getting seriously overcharged by unlicensed taxi drivers
Unlicensed taxi drivers (working privately) near hotels, airports, and tourist sites frequently quote prices 3–10x higher than standard rates to uninformed tourists. The price is typically not negotiated in advance, allowing the driver to demand an inflated sum on arrival. Classic CUC vs CUP confusion is used to multiply apparent prices.
⚡ Overpaying $10–50 for a ride that should cost $2–8. Argument or intimidation if you refuse to pay the inflated price.
✅ Always agree on the exact price in CUP before entering any unofficial taxi. Use Transtur (state tourist taxis with meters) for airport journeys. For city travel, use almendrones (shared route taxis) at fixed per-person rates (typically 20–50 CUP).
Sending money to a Cuban romantic contact met online
Romance scams targeting foreigners via Cuban Facebook profiles, dating apps, and WhatsApp are widespread. The scammer builds a relationship over weeks or months, then requests financial help: "my mother is sick", "I lost my job", "I need money to visit you". Transfers via Western Union are common. The relationship is entirely fabricated and the photos are often stolen from other social media accounts.
⚡ Financial losses of $500–10,000+. Emotional harm. No recourse for international wire fraud of this nature.
✅ Never send money to someone you have not met in person. Video call early in any online relationship to verify identity. Be especially sceptical of very rapid romantic escalation and requests for financial help. Check profile photos with reverse image search.
Bringing large quantities of medicine into Cuba without declaration
While bringing personal medications into Cuba is generally permitted, bringing large quantities (especially prescription drugs that could be resold) without customs declaration can be interpreted as commercial importation and confiscated. Cuban customs is particularly sensitive to medications given the domestic shortage and black market for pharmaceuticals.
⚡ Medications confiscated at customs. Fine. Potential questioning and delay at airport.
✅ Declare medications above personal-use quantities on your customs form. Carry original prescriptions and packaging. For unusual or large quantities, obtain a letter from your doctor explaining the medical necessity.
Attempting to use a foreign SIM for calls and data in Cuba
ETECSA (CUBACEL) is Cuba's only mobile operator. International roaming is only available through a small number of carriers that have agreements with ETECSA. Most EU and North American carriers do not have roaming agreements with Cuba. Even carriers with agreements charge very high roaming rates ($3–8 USD per MB in data).
⚡ No mobile connectivity at all. Or extreme roaming bills ($100–500+) if roaming does work on your carrier.
✅ Purchase a CUBACEL tourist SIM card at ETECSA shops at José Martí Airport or in Havana. Cost: approximately 1–2 CUC equivalent in CUP for the SIM, then top-up packages for calls and data. Check your carrier's Cuba roaming policy before travel.
Running out of fuel while driving in Cuba
Cuba experiences periodic fuel shortages at petrol stations. Queues of 2–5 hours are common outside Havana. Some stations in rural areas are closed or completely out of fuel for days at a time. This affects rental cars, private vehicles, and is unpredictable. Diesel is harder to find than petrol (gasolina especial or regular).
⚡ Stranded on the road in intense heat. Expensive emergency fuel delivery. Missed transport connections.
✅ Never let the tank fall below half. Fill up whenever a functioning station is available. Ask your car rental company and local contacts about current fuel availability on your planned route. Keep emergency water and snacks in the car.
Losing your Tourist Card (Tarjeta de Turista)
The Tourist Card is your primary immigration document in Cuba. It must be presented on departure. Losing it causes significant bureaucratic complications as you must obtain a replacement from the issuing airline or Cuban immigration. Replacement takes time and requires presenting at Inmigración, which may not be quick or straightforward.
⚡ Significant delay at departure. Potential missed flights. Cost of replacement. Stressful bureaucratic process at Inmigración.
✅ Photograph your Tourist Card on arrival (both sides). Keep the original in your hotel safe or passport holder — not loose in a bag. Treat it as important as your passport.
Travelling to Cuba during peak hurricane season without preparation
Cuba's hurricane season runs June through November, with peak activity in August–October. Cuba has been hit by several major hurricanes (Category 4–5) in recent years. Hurricanes can cause travel disruptions (flight cancellations, airport closures), damage accommodation, cut off roads, and create medical emergencies. The electricity crisis makes recovery from hurricanes particularly difficult.
⚡ Stranded in Cuba during emergency conditions. Flight cancellations with no alternative transport. Property damage. Inability to communicate with family.
✅ Monitor INSMET (Cuba's meteorological service) and your embassy's travel advisories during hurricane season. Ensure travel insurance explicitly covers hurricane disruption. Have a clear evacuation or shelter plan. Book refundable accommodation and flights where possible.
Photographing military, police, and government infrastructure
Photography of military installations, police stations, government buildings, airports (interiors), and uniformed officers is prohibited in Cuba. Cuban security personnel actively monitor tourist areas. Some Cubans are also sensitive about being photographed, particularly if they can be identified. Photography in sensitive contexts has led to detention of journalists and tourists.
⚡ Camera or phone confiscated. Detention and questioning. In cases involving perceived espionage, serious criminal charges.
✅ Ask permission before photographing individuals. Avoid military and police facilities entirely. Do not photograph street protests or security operations. When in doubt, put the camera away.
Using informal street currency exchange (illegal and risky)
The informal black market for USD/EUR to CUP exchange offers rates significantly higher than CADECA. While widely used, this is technically illegal in Cuba. "Cambistas" (informal money changers) near tourist areas frequently short-change customers, use sleight of hand, or trade counterfeit CUP notes. Using black market exchange can also attract police attention.
⚡ Receiving counterfeit notes. Being short-changed in the counting process. Legal risk if caught exchanging illegally. Loss of entire exchange amount to police if detained.
✅ Use CADECA offices (official government exchange) for all currency exchange. The CADECA floating rate (since December 2025) is approximately 410–420 CUP/USD. Airports have CADECA desks. Hotels also exchange currency at slightly less favourable rates.
Bringing pets into Cuba is highly bureaucratic and practically very difficult
Cuba allows the import of dogs and cats but the process is heavily bureaucratic and unpredictable. Requirements include a health certificate issued by a government-authorised veterinarian in the origin country within 72 hours of travel, a current rabies vaccination (at least 30 days before travel, no more than 12 months prior), an internal parasite and ectoparasite treatment certificate (within 15 days of travel), and written approval from Cuba's Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG). Veterinary supplies in Cuba are extremely scarce; specialist veterinary care, prescription medications, therapeutic foods, and emergency treatment for pets are largely unavailable outside Havana, and even there are inconsistent.
⚡ Animals without complete documentation may be quarantined at Jose Marti Airport at the owner's cost or refused entry. Ongoing welfare challenges are likely: flea/tick preventatives, quality pet food, and veterinary medications must be imported personally as they are not commercially available in Cuba.
✅ Contact the Cuban embassy in your home country at least 3 months before travel to request current MINAG import requirements — they are not reliably published online and change without notice. Have your vet issue the official government-endorsed health certificate within 72 hours of your departure and the parasite treatment certificate within 15 days. Bring a minimum 6-month supply of all medications, preventatives, and specialist foods your pet requires. Strongly consider whether the welfare constraints of living in Cuba are appropriate for your pet before committing to the move.
Expecting consistent food variety and restaurant availability
Cuba's ongoing economic crisis has caused significant food shortages throughout the country. Restaurant menus often have many items unavailable ("no hay" — we don't have it). Supermarkets (TRD, CIMEX) frequently have empty shelves. Agro markets (farmers' markets) have fresh produce but selection varies by season and availability.
⚡ Difficulty meeting dietary requirements (especially vegetarian, vegan, or allergy-specific diets). Frustration at restaurants. Potential nutrition issues on long stays.
✅ Bring dietary supplement snacks for the trip. Research restaurants with specific cuisines in advance. Be flexible and willing to eat what is available. Long-stay expats often source food from MIPYMES private shops which have better stock.
VPN use in Cuba is in a legal grey area
VPNs are used widely by Cubans and expatriates to access blocked websites and social media. They are technically restricted under Cuban telecommunications law but not consistently enforced against individual tourists. However, during periods of civil unrest (as seen in July 2021), Cuban authorities have been known to block VPN services at the infrastructure level and increase internet monitoring.
⚡ VPN may stop working unexpectedly, particularly during political events. Minimal legal risk for tourists using personal VPNs, but not zero.
✅ Use reputable VPN services with obfuscation features (Mullvad, ProtonVPN). Download multiple VPN apps before arrival. Do not share political content via VPN that could attract attention. Use VPNs for personal use only, not for activities that could be construed as political.
MLC stores require foreign currency or a Magnetic Card — Cuban pesos not accepted
MLC (Moneda Libremente Convertible) shops in Cuba operate on a two-tier system. They stock hard-to-find goods (imported food, electronics, appliances) but only accept foreign currency (USD, EUR) as electronic deposits to a Magnetic Card issued by Cuban banks, or direct card payments. Cuban pesos (CUP) are not accepted in MLC stores. This creates a significant economic divide between Cubans with remittances and those without.
⚡ None for most tourists. Confusion if expecting to pay in CUP. Expats need to understand the dual economy to plan grocery shopping.
✅ Understand which stores accept CUP (agro markets, state bodegas, most paladares, street food) and which accept MLC/foreign currency (TRD Caribe, CIMEX, MLC supermarkets). Keep both CUP and foreign currency accessible.
Know Cuban emergency numbers before you need them
Cuban emergency numbers are different from European and North American conventions. Police: 106. Ambulance: 104. Fire: 105. Asistur (24/7 tourist emergency service): +53 7 866-4499. Clínica Cira García (Servimed): +53 7 204-2811. Mobile coverage for emergency calls is inconsistent outside Havana.
⚡ Wasting critical time searching for numbers during an emergency.
✅ Save all emergency numbers to your phone before leaving the airport. Write them in your wallet as backup. Share them with your travel companions.
Exchange all foreign currency at CADECA for the best legitimate rate
CADECA (Casa de Cambio) offices provide the official government exchange rate for CUP. Since December 2025 the rate is floating: approximately 440–480 CUP per USD, 480–530 CUP per EUR as of mid-2026 (check cadeca.cu for the current daily rate). CADECA offices are at José Martí Airport (arrivals hall), major hotels, and in central locations in provincial capitals. Airport CADECA desks have shorter queues on arrival. Some CADECA offices close on Sundays.
⚡ None — informational. Exchanging at hotels gives slightly worse rates (5–10% less).
✅ Exchange at CADECA rather than hotel desks. Bring EUR rather than USD as EUR typically gets a slightly better rate. Keep exchange receipts — sometimes required at departure.
Costly Mistakes to Avoid
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